Plagiocephaly and Baby Flat Head Syndrome: A Parent’s Guide

Plagiocephaly, commonly known as baby flat head syndrome, happens when repeated pressure on one area of a baby’s head causes a flat spot to form. It is very common in infants and, in most cases, highly treatable when addressed early.¹

While some babies may eventually need a corrective helmet, many cases improve with simple positioning changes and early intervention. In this article, we’ll explain what plagiocephaly is, what causes it, treatment options, and practical ways to help prevent flat spots from developing.

What Is Plagiocephaly?

Plagiocephaly, often called positional plagiocephaly, occurs from a baby’s positioning in utero or after birth.¹ Because newborn babies have a malleable skull (meaning they have soft spots and bones that are not entirely fused yet), the skull can form into shapes other than round fairly easily.⁵ The purpose of the malleable skull is to allow for growth and to allow the baby through the birth canal.^5,6 Your baby’s brain will double in weight in one year due to new synapses between neurons if they get plenty of stimulation.⁷ The unfused skull allows for this growth and a misshapen head when too much pressure is on one specific area.^1,2

The best way to assess the shape of your baby’s head if you’re concerned about a flat spot or baby flat head is to look at it from the top. Fortunately, plagiocephaly does not typically impact your baby’s brain development, as the brain is well-protected.⁵

Additionally, don’t be alarmed if their head is the shape of a cone when they are born vaginally. It is not plagiocephaly — instead, it is due to the pressure of the birth canal. This typically resolves within a few days or weeks at most.⁸

What Is Torticollis?

Babies with plagiocephaly may have a secondary condition called torticollis. This is a tightness on one side of your baby’s neck muscles.⁵ The position in utero often causes this.⁹ You can identify this by noting how your baby turns their head. Do they always look in one direction? Does it seem like their neck is stiff and uncomfortable if you try to turn their head the other way? This contributes largely to plagiocephaly.⁹ If you suspect this, you should let your baby’s healthcare provider know immediately because they may require physical or occupational therapy to release those tight muscles and work on positioning.⁶ Torticollis is one of the common causes of baby flat head, especially when a baby consistently turns their head to one side.

Related: What To Do If Your Baby Has Torticollis

Risk Factors for Baby Flat Head Syndrome

These factors can increase a baby’s risk of plagiocephaly and developing a flat head early on.

Premature babies are at higher risk for plagiocephaly because they often spend extended periods in one position in an incubator in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).^1,5,10 Additionally, in 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that all babies sleep on their backs in the “Back to Sleep Campaign” to decrease the chance of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).^3,11,12 While the incidence of SIDS decreased, the incidence of positional plagiocephaly dramatically increased.^3,12

Treatment Options for Plagiocephaly

There are several ways to treat flat head syndrome depending on your baby’s age and the severity of plagiocephaly.

Once your child can sit and stand, the prolonged pressure on their head is mostly eliminated. Their head will naturally become rounder, and their hair will cover any remaining flat spots. A memory foam pillow may decrease the pressure on the skull for preterm and very young babies.¹³ (The pillow should not be used for sleep. Baby should be monitored at all times while using any pillow.) Another option is the Tortle, a hat that prevents babies from turning their heads, so pressure isn’t on the flattened part of the skull.

If changing your baby’s positioning and using the memory foam pillow or Tortle is not effective, and your childcare provider diagnoses your baby with plagiocephaly, they may refer your baby to a pediatric neurosurgeon.

The pediatric neurosurgeon will thoroughly evaluate your child, take specific measurements, and possibly refer your child to an orthotist.⁴ The orthotist will probably make a mold of your child’s head. From this, a helmet customized to your baby’s head is fabricated and designed to achieve symmetry.^2,5 According to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, helmets are most effective between 3 and 6 months of age.⁵ However, correction is still possible for up to 18 months. That might just be a longer process.⁸ It will be recommended that your baby always wear the helmet, removing it only for baths.⁵

How to Prevent Plagiocephaly and Baby Flat Head Syndrome

Many cases of plagiocephaly can be prevented or improved with simple daily positioning habits that reduce pressure on your baby’s head.²

1. Tummy Time

Allow your baby lots of supervised tummy time from the day they are born. This helps build strength in their neck and shoulder muscles.^5,9 We recommend five minutes several times per day for newborns and 20-30 minutes a few times per day for 3-month-old babies.¹⁴ Read these tips for making tummy time easier and more enjoyable for your baby.

Related: Benefits of Tummy Time for Newborns and Babies

2. Babywearing

Carry your baby in vertical baby carriers and slings. This relieves pressure from baby’s head and has the added benefit of keeping them close to you.⁸ Babywearing can help them with bonding, learning a new language, and processing the world from a vertical position, building balance and equilibrium.¹⁵

Related: Benefits of Babywearing for Mom and Baby

3. Upright Positioning

Another way to help prevent plagiocephaly is to hold your baby upright on your shoulder whenever possible. This includes holding baby upright when cuddling them. Like babywearing, holding your little one upright helps relieve pressure on their head.^2,5,6

4. Change It Up

Move baby’s mobile from one side of the crib to the other so they are gazing up at it from alternate directions, changing the position of their head. When holding and feeding your baby, try to alternate between positions from the right side to the left so that the pressure on their head is symmetrical. This is also great for your baby’s developing vision.¹⁶ Rearrange your baby’s room or the position of their crib or bassinet so they are looking in a different direction. Babies typically look toward the light source or the door, anticipating you coming in.

Related: How to Organize a Beautiful and Functional Nursery

5. Avoid Containers

Try to eliminate time spent in baby swings, car seats, and bouncy seats. Instead, hold your baby or use a baby carrier whenever possible. You should also try to leave the car seat in the car.

Remember, plagiocephaly, or baby flat head syndrome, is very common and treatable, especially when addressed early. If you notice a flat spot forming, talk with your child’s medical provider so they can guide you on next steps and supportive care.